Clinical, molecular, and drug resistance epidemiology of HIV in Jordan, 2019-2021: a national study.

BACKGROUND: Limited epidemiologic studies have been conducted in Jordan describing the HIV epidemic. This study aimed to address this gap to inform HIV prevention and control. METHODS: A nationally-representative cross-sectional study was conducted among adults living with HIV in Jordan. Laboratory testing included HIV viral load and next-generation-sequencing-based clinical genotype. Log-binomial regression estimated risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: Among 231 (70%) participants, most were male (184/80%), and from Jordan (217/94%). Among 188 treatment-experienced-participants (>6 months), 165 (88%) were virally suppressed. High level resistance was most frequent against nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (13/81%), and integrase-strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI) (10/62%) drugs among viremic (≥1,000 HIV copies/mL) treatment-experienced participants with drug resistant mutations (DRMs, n=16). Common HIV subtypes (n=43) were B (6/14%), A1 (5/12%), and CRF01_AE (5/12%); additionally, novel recombinant forms were detected. In multivariate analysis, independently higher risk for late diagnosis (n=49) was observed with diagnosis through blood donation (vs check-up: RR 2·20, 95%CI 1·16-4·17) and earlier time-period of diagnosis (1986-2014 vs 2015-2021: RR 2·87, 95%CI 1·46-5·62). CONCLUSIONS: Late diagnosis and INSTI resistance endanger national HIV prevention and treatment in Jordan - high-level resistance to INSTI suggests therapeutic drug monitoring is needed for treatment efficacy, and conservation of treatment options.

College Students' eMental Health Literacy and Risk of Diagnosis with Mental Health Disorders.

BACKGROUND: This study investigated college students' eMental health literacy (eMHL), knowledge of common mental disorders and risk of being diagnosed with a mental health disorder and compared their knowledge of mental disorders and concurrent risk of diagnosis with high and low eMHL; Method: A total of 123 college students completed an online survey through Amazon's Mechanical Turk (MTurk). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and chi-square tests; Results: eMental health literacy scores were higher when students had a history of prior mental health problems, were female, and graduate students. College students with high eMHL were more likely to recognize symptoms, recommend professional help, and be at lower risk for common mental health disorders compared to low eMHL students; Conclusions: eMHL was associated with mental health status and demographic variables. Level of eMHL was associated with knowledge of mental disorders and risk of diagnosis. IMPLICATIONS: The results highlight the need for targeted interventions to enhance eMHL of college students, support mental health resilience and prevent mental health disorders.

A Structural Equation Modeling Analysis to Explore Diabetes Self-Care Factors in a Rural Sample.

Diabetes is a public health problem that requires management to avoid health sequelae. Little is known about the determinants that influence diabetes self-care activities among rural populations. The purpose of this analysis was to explore the relationships among diabetes self-care activities, diabetes knowledge, perceived diabetes self-management, diabetes fatalism, and social support among an underserved rural group in the southern United States. A diabetes health promotion program was tested during a cluster randomized trial that tested a disease risk reduction program among adults living with prediabetes and diabetes. A structural equation model was fit to test psychosocial factors that influence diabetes self-care activities using the Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skills Model of Diabetes Self-Care (IMB-DSC) to guide the study. Perceived diabetes self-management significantly predicted self-care behaviors, and there was also a correlation between perceived diabetes self-management and diabetes fatalism. Perceived diabetes self-management influenced diabetes self-care activities in this rural sample and had an association with diabetes fatalism. The findings of this study can facilitate clinical care and community programs targeting diabetes and advance health equity among underserved rural groups.

Factors Associated with Diabetes Outcomes among Rural African Americans.

Diabetes is a major public health threat and contributory risk factor for cardiovascular disease, especially among underserved populations living in the rural, southern states. In these areas, African Americans have the highest rates of both diabetes and cardiovascular disease, but not much is known about the psychosocial factors that influence diabetes outcomes. This study examined bivariate correlations among diabetes knowledge, diabetes self-care activities, perceived diabetes self-management, diabetes fatalism, and social support. The data were collected during a cluster randomized trial involving rural African American participants living with diabetes and prediabetes in a rural, southeastern area. The findings of this analysis point to associations among social support, diabetes fatalism, diabetes self-care activities, and perceived diabetes self-management. Diabetes knowledge was not significantly correlated with any of these factors or their subscales.

Stress, Social Support, and Resilience in Younger Rural Women: A Structural Equation Model.

Cardiovascular disease is a global public health problem and leading cause of death. Stress is a modifiable cardiovascular disease risk factor. The objectives of this study were to examine whether stress was a predictor of resilience among rural younger women and to explore whether social support mediated the relationship between acute stress and resilience and between chronic stress and resilience. The study had a cross-sectional, descriptive design. A total of 354 women were randomly recruited in the rural, southeastern United States. Survey instruments were used to collect data about acute stress, chronic stress, social support, and resilience. A structural equation model was fit to test whether social support mediated the relationship between perceived stress and resilience and between chronic stress and resilience. Chronic stress predicted family and belongingness support and all the resilience subscales: adaptability, emotion regulation, optimism, self-efficacy, and social support. Acute stress predicted the self-efficacy subscale of resilience. Family support partially mediated the relationship between chronic stress and self-efficacy. Belongingness support partially mediated the relationships between chronic stress and the social support subscale of resilience.

Psychosocial predictors of adverse outcomes in rural heart failure caregivers.

INTRODUCTION: Depressive symptoms, negative life changes, poor self-care, and higher caregiver burden are common in caregivers who assist individuals with heart failure (HF) in managing daily activities and disease-related symptoms. Previous research findings suggest social support, problem solving, and family function may influence these outcomes. However, the influence of these factors on outcomes in rural HF caregivers is unknown. The purpose of this study is twofold: (1) to examine whether social support, problem solving, and family function predicted depressive symptoms, caregiving-related life changes, self-care, and caregiver burden in rural HF caregivers; and (2) to compare differences in these variables between rural and urban caregivers. METHODS: Rural caregivers (n=114) completed an online researcher-developed sociodemographic and clinical survey and standardized (Likert-type) self-report instruments. Participants were recruited locally from south-eastern USA (using face-to-face and telephone contacts, posted flyers, newspaper advertisements, and social media), nationally (newspaper advertisements and social media sites) and internationally (using social media). Potential participants were directed to the study website to complete the online surveys. These methods recruited participants who lived in 24 states within the USA, as well as from Canada, England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Demographic statistics and Mann-Whitney U-test, as well as bivariate correlations, multivariate linear modelling, and Roy's largest root, were used to analyse data, controlling for covariates. RESULTS: Rural (n=114) caregivers were primarily Caucasian (84.2%), women (58.8%), and 41.45 (±9.013) years old. Social support had significant effects on depressive symptoms (ηp2=0.384, p<0.001), self-care (ηp2=0.108, p=0.001), and life changes (ηp2=0.055, p=0.016), while problem solving showed significant effects on depressive symptoms (ηp2= 0.078, p=0.004) and caregiver burden (ηp2=0.23, p<0.001). Family function had significant effects on life changes (ηp2=0.104, p=0.001), self-care (ηp2=0.088, p=0.002), and caregiver burden (ηp2=0.116, p<0.001). Compared to urban (n=412) participants, rural caregivers experienced significantly less social support (p=0.001), worse problem-solving skills (p=0.003) and family functioning (p=0.009), and greater depressive symptoms (p≤0.01) and subjective burden (p=0.001). There were no significant differences in caregiver self-care (p=0.416) and perceived life changes (p=0.346) among rural and urban caregivers. CONCLUSION: Both social support and problem solving have significant effects on depressive symptoms in rural HF caregivers, while social support and family function influences self-care. Problem solving and family function also affect caregiver burden, while social support and family functioning influences caregiver life changes. Rural caregivers are often separated by long distances, and have transportation issues and limited access to healthcare providers and support services; therefore, innovative strategies are needed to explore the usefulness of these variables in improving caregiver outcomes.

The influence of gender and race on heart failure self-care.

OBJECTIVES: To explore gender and racial differences in heart failure (HF) self-care processes and examine whether gender and race predict HF self-care. METHODS: A secondary analysis of baseline data (n = 107) from a longitudinal HF study (54.2% males; 56% non-Caucasians) was conducted. The self-care of heart failure index was used to measure self-care maintenance, management, and confidence. Descriptive statistics and univariate analyses examined gender and racial differences in HF self-care outcomes. Multiple linear regression examined whether gender and race predicted HF self-care maintenance, management, and confidence. RESULTS: Univariate analyses indicated that Caucasians reported significantly better self-care maintenance (p = 0.042), while non-Caucasians reported significantly better self-care management (p = 0.003). Males had significantly higher self-care confidence scores versus women (p = 0.017). Multiple regression analysis indicated Caucasian race predicted significantly worse self-care management (ß = -11.188; p = 0.006) versus non-Caucasian, while male gender predicted significantly higher self-care confidence scores (ß = 7.592; p = 0.010) versus female gender. Gender nor race significantly predicted self-care maintenance. DISCUSSION: Although gender and race may influence HF self-care, other factors may be more important. More research is needed to identify individual factors that contribute to HF self-care to improve education and intervention.

eMental Health Literacy and Knowledge of Common Child Mental Health Disorders among Parents of Preschoolers.

The purpose of the study was to assess the eMental health literacy of parents of preschool children and explore the relationships between their eMental health literacy skills and their knowledge of common child mental health disorders and their child difficulties. Online survey data were collected using Mechanical Turk (MTurk). Parents of preschool children completed questionnaires related to internet-based mental health information seeking behavior, knowledge of common child mental health disorders using case vignettes, and child difficulties. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistical methods. eMental health literacy of parents was high but knowledge of the child mental health disorders was low. Only 14% of parents correctly identified all three disorders; 41.1% identified attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), 64.9% recognized autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and 19.1% identified separation anxiety disorder (SAD). Parents with high eMental health literacy (≥30) were more likely to endorse professional help and seek information on how to manage problem behaviors for all three disorders. Parents with low eMental health literacy (<30) were more likely to have a child with a high risk of a mental health disorder. The findings will be used to inform educational initiatives on the use of online resources and recognition of child mental health disorders to promote early intervention and appropriate help seeking.

Predictors of Depressive Symptoms in Heart Failure Caregivers.

Heart failure is a serious and complex chronic illness and family caregivers often assist these individuals in performing self-care. Unsurprisingly, caregivers often are overwhelmed by daily activities associated with heart failure management and frequently have depressive symptoms. This study examined predictors (i.e., sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, social support, social problem-solving, family functioning, and objective and subjective burden) of depressive symptoms in 530 informal caregivers of individuals with heart failure in a large cross-sectional, descriptive study in the community. Younger caregivers who provided care for longer periods of time, lived in rural areas, and had less social support and lower problem-solving skills were more likely to have depressive symptoms. These findings emphasize the need for further studies to develop dynamic and innovative approaches that incorporate multiple components to lessen caregiving challenges. Social support and problem-solving skills training may be useful components to lessen depressive symptoms in these younger, rural caregivers.

Cross-Cultural Validation of the English Chronic Pain Myth Scale in Emergency Nurses.

Background: Utilization of the emergency department (ED) by patients seeking relief from chronic pain (CP) has increased. These patients often face stigmatization, and the ED is no exception. The French-Canadian Chronic Pain Myth Scale (CPMS) was developed to evaluate common societal misconceptions about CP including among healthcare providers. To our knowledge, no tool of this nature is available in English. Objectives: This study thus aimed at determining to what extent a new English adaptation of the CPMS could provide valid scores among US emergency nurses. The internal consistency, construct validity, and internal structure of the translated scale were thus examined. Methods: After careful translation of the scale, the English CPMS was administered to 482 emergency nurses and its validity was explored through a web-based cross-sectional study. Results: Acceptable reliability (α > 0.7) was reported for the first and third subscales. The second subscale's reliability coefficient was below the cutoff (α=0.67) but is still considered adequate. As expected, statistically significant differences were found between nurses suffering from CP vs nurses not suffering from CP, supporting the construct validity of the scale. After exploratory factor analysis, similar internal structure was found supporting the 3-factorial nature of the original CPMS. Conclusion: Our results provide support for the preliminary validity of the English CPMS to measure knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes towards CP among emergency nurses in the United States.

Knowledge, Beliefs, and Attitudes of Emergency Nurses Toward People With Chronic Pain.

More and more people suffering from chronic pain (CP) utilize the emergency department (ED). However, their needs are not properly addressed. Stigmatization toward people with CP can partially explain this gap. Most studies in the ED have been focused on measuring nurses' pain management knowledge in general, not negative attitudes toward CP. Hence, understanding of the determinants of the stigma related to CP is needed. The objectives of this study were to (a) describe the knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes of ED nurses toward people suffering from CP and (b) identify nurses' characteristics associated with these perceptions. A cross-sectional web-based survey design was conducted using the KnowPain-12 questionnaire and the Chronic Pain Myth Scale. A total of 571 participants from 20 different states across the United States were recruited among whom 482 completed the entire survey. The sample included about one third of the ED nurses suffering from CP. Negative beliefs and attitudes toward people with CP were present in a considerable proportion of participants (up to 64%), even in nurses suffering from CP (up to 47.5%). Nevertheless, our results suggest that higher levels of education and suffering from CP were associated with better beliefs and attitudes toward people with CP. The ED presents an increased risk of stigmatization of people with CP as compared with the general population. Identifying determinants of the stigma associated with CP is crucial, as it will help tailoring awareness and educational campaigns. In addition, CP patients utilizing the ED often have complex needs which are difficult to address in this clinical environment. This situation can contribute to negative beliefs and attitudes. Given the scarcity of specialized care clinics for this population, health-care stakeholders should devise solutions to improve continuity of care in primary care settings and between the latter and ED.

Emergency department arrival times in Florida heart failure patients utilizing Fisher-Rao curve registration: A descriptive population-based study.

BACKGROUND: Emergency room utilization and hospital readmission rates are disproportionately high for heart failure patients (HF). Emergency department (ED) utilization is intimately intertwined with hospital readmissions. OBJECTIVE: Describe the arrival time distribution of HF patients presenting to the ED. METHOD: The study analyzed heart failure discharge data from the Florida State Emergency Department Database and the Florida State Inpatient Database from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Data were treated as a Poisson process and analyzed using functional data analysis tools. RESULTS: HF arrivals are multi-modal with the largest peak arrival time in the middle of the day as well as a smaller peak in the early morning hours, especially in rural areas. CONCLUSIONS: The arrival pattern has minor differences in rural and urban areas. HF clinic appointments should be established in the early morning hours when these patients utilize the ED.

Nurses' Perception of a Tailored Web-Based Intervention for the Self-Management of Pain After Cardiac Surgery.

BACKGROUND: Cardiac surgeries rank among the most frequent surgical procedures and present a risk of chronic postsurgical pain (CPSP). A continuum approach is required to prevent the development of CPSP. As a first step, a tailored web-based intervention was developed and successfully tested to tackle pain management during hospitalization. Before proceeding to further development, preliminary acceptability of the intervention including the postdischarge phase must be evaluated. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine nurses' perception of a tailored Web-based intervention for pain management in the early recovery phase. The objectives were to evaluate intervention's acceptability and to identify ways to enhance its acceptability. METHODS: A parallel mixed methods approach was used to assess the acceptability of the intervention in the early recovery phase (first month after surgery). RESULTS: In total, 249 participants completed the online survey and 10 participants were individually interviewed. Overall, the intervention was rated as acceptable. No difference was found in acceptability ratings by demographics. The intervention was rated as appropriate to very much appropriate by 79% of participants. Although nurses seemingly would recommend it to their patients, they did not perceive that their patients would be as highly willing to use it. Interviews highlighted several strengths of the intervention, such as postoperative pain awareness, customization of content, and flexible dosage and schedule. However, the main weakness was related to patient adherence. Opting for a hybrid format and integrating individual preferences could enhance the coaching experience. CONCLUSION: The innovative intervention was judged as acceptable for pain management in the early recovery phase. Considering that the intervention has demonstrated positive effects on the pain experience in the first week after cardiac surgery, it seems logical to explore its potential impact after discharge on the transition to CPSP.

Exploring the intervention effect moderators of a cardiovascular health promotion study among rural African-Americans.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this analysis was to examine the participant characteristics that served as intervention effect moderators of a cardiovascular health promotion intervention study. DESIGN AND SAMPLE: This exploratory study was a secondary analysis of data collected during a cluster randomized controlled trial. The participants (n = 229) of the study were African-American adults recruited from 12 rural churches that were randomized to intervention (n = 6) and control (n = 6) groups. There were 115 individual participants in the intervention group, and 114 in the control group. MEASURES: Cardiovascular health intentions, attitudes, norms, and self-efficacy for produce consumption, dietary fat intake, and exercise were measured to test the effect of the intervention. Linear mixed model was used to detect intervention effect moderators. RESULTS: Personal heart disease status was a moderator of intervention effects for intentions, norms, and self-efficacy regarding dietary fat intake and attitudes about produce consumption. Lacking a family heart disease history was a moderator for dietary fat intake self-efficacy, and age was a dietary fat norms moderator. CONCLUSIONS: Knowledge about the moderators that influenced intervention outcomes can assist public health nurses in tailoring health promotion programs for underserved populations that can be implemented in community settings.